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xaaraYay Sox! I've just witnessed history - no baseball team has ever before come back from a 3-0 defecit in a 7-game series and won 3 consecutive games to force a 7th. Did that make sense? It's too late - I can't tell.
The long and short of it: Boston won.
And since I just finished this exhaustively researched paper and am petrified that I'm somehow going to lose it and have to start over, personal note to self:
<<<<>>>><<<<>>>><<<<>>>><<<<>>>>
Roadside Encounters
The History of Tenleytown 1791-2004
Before there were humans, there were paths. Animals sought the way of least resistance; streams gouged beds and then evaporated; even the wind found its home between defining walls of stone. As humans developed, they formed friendships, alliances, communities, and the need to travel efficiently. These needs manifested themselves in the form of trails, paths, and roads.
Before there was Tenleytown, there was a road.
The Road
Sometime before recorded history, the Piscataway Indians settled on the land north of the Potomac River. As most cultures before and after them, they began their existence as hunters and gatherers, fishing in the Potomac and collecting the wild fruits and vegetables that grew in their area. Soon, however, they began to form relationships based on community, agriculture, and most importantly, trade. Because transportation, communication, and exchange became so important so quickly, it was only natural for trails to appear linking each settlement to its neighbors. One of these Piscataway trails led from the upper banks of the Potomac to central Maryland. It cut through the forests of what would become the Washington DC area, and became heavily traveled by traders seeking to market their food and wares.
The first white man to travel this trail was a Swiss nobleman by the name of Baron Cristophle De Graffenried. He and his men mapped the path in June 1712, and noted that it was especially useful as it followed Rock Creek and led through the previously uncharted wilderness. DeGaffenried’s drawings were extremely valuable to another white man, this one a British general, who followed in his footsteps less than a half-century later.
In 1755, General Edward Braddock ordered the original path enlarged in order to improve the mobility of his army of over 1000 soldiers. Thus, the Indian Trail became known as Braddock’s Road, and the white settlers began to use it to travel from one cluster of houses to the next. As time went by, the road which had connected two nameless communities suddenly became the route between Georgetown and Fredrick, and was reamed accordingly.
The Georgetown – Fredrick Road remained unpaved even as houses sprung up around it. Then two separate events led to its acknowledgement as a significant and busy highway. First, Jacob Funk constructed a road along the Potomac that would soon become known as Funk’s Road or River Road. Because of the fact that this oft-traveled route intersected the Georgetown – Fredrick Road, the crossroads quickly became extremely important to the area. Businesses and homes appeared; over the next twenty years, the area became a thriving community.
Because of its heavy traffic, the Georgetown – Fredrick Road soon fell into disrepair. Deep ruts marred the surface, and travelers had to exert caution when traversing it after a storm as large puddles and mud made stagecoach progress dangerous. Finally, after years of these conditions, the Washington Turnpike Company found the public willingness – and the funds – to pave the road. By 1827, the road had been completely paved and converted to a turnpike.
The Civil War came and went without severely influencing the function, design, or route of the road, and until 1890, little changed. And then, something transformed transportation forever.
The fist streetcar into Tennallytown was the No. 30 from Georgetown, and it ran for the first time in 1890. Suddenly, traveling into and out of the city was affordable, quick, and much cleaner than it had ever been in the past. The streetcars that ran across and around Washington necessitated the division of the city into three informal districts: Washington, Georgetown, and Washington City. In essence, these separations indicated the difference between downtown Washington, the residential and commercial areas, and the suburbs. Naturally, Tennallytown was a part of Washington City.
Slowly, the city expanded, and with it, Tennallytown. Renamed Tenleytown in 1920, the neighborhood enjoyed the patronage of affluent citizens who moved there to escape the encroachment of the dirty and perceived-to-be crime ridden city. With the sweeping changes enacted throughout the city in the 1930s – 1950s, the streets throughout Tenleytown were named and arranged in alphabetical and syllabic order. The Georgetown – Fredrick Road became Wisconsin Avenue, and many previously unpaved streets acquired both names and blacktop. Tenleytown was thus defined as occupying the area between Fessenden and Albemarle to the north and south, and Reno and Wisconsin to the west and east. These borders were only loosely described, however, and soon many areas surrounding Tenleytown proper also included themselves under the blanket name.
As schools and businesses emerged along with the proliferation of automobiles, the first stoplight was constructed on the corner of Wisconsin and Albemarle. This, as well as the advent of the more practical and affordable bus system, marked the beginning of the end for the No. 30 streetcar, and it ran for the last time in 1960. The buses that replaced it, however, retained the number – even today, 30-buses run the length of Wisconsin Ave.
Throughout the 70s, the Tenleytown section of Wisconsin Ave. was listed as one of the busiest streets in the nation. To the present day, it is a significant route through Washington.
The Land
In 1713, Thomas Addison and James Stoddert purchased 3,000 acres of land on the north bank of the Potomac from Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. Stoddert took the upper portion, Addison the lower, and Joseph Belt a small parcel he named Cheivy Chase. Not until 1760 did anyone come to live on the expanse: it was in that year that John Murdock, Addison’s grandson, built the first homestead on the property.
As the important crossroads between the Georgetown – Fredrick Road and Funk Road increased movement through the area, a young and enterprising blacksmith named John Tennally opened a small tavern nearby to feed and house travelers. Clearly, he could have had no idea at the time that he would eventually lend his name to the community, as then he was merely a man of modest means.
The tavern and inn opened in 1790; in 1791, the area was first officially included in the boundaries of Washington. The crossroads continued to draw people, and in many ways it was at this time that the area became the first suburb of Washington. Despite the fact that it was outlying and in many ways self-sufficient, the as-yet unnamed land had strong ties with the rest of the city and depended on the movement of those traveling in and out of Washington for at least part of its economic stability.
It is understandable, given this information, why the area attracted both rich and poor, heirs and entrepreneurs, families and businesses. John Tennally’s tavern was the sole rest stop for travelers until after his death, ca. 1800 (he does not appear in any census reports after that year), but it was joined in 1805 by Henry Riszner’s nearby establishment. According to legend, Dr. and Mrs. William Thornton, as well as Dolley Madison, stopped in one of the many area inns during their respective flights from Washington in 1814, though whether they stayed the night in Riszner’s, Tennally’s, or one of the others is lost to time. Still, these early instances of important personas taking shelter in the area are important to later understanding of the area’s impact on travel in and out of Washington.
It was roughly during this time that the name Tennallytown first appeared in public records, though its spelling and definition were inconsistent and its use infrequent. Generally, the area of Tennallytown was simply included under the names of other nearby neighborhoods.
Though the community started to grow in the early to mid 1800s (the original Tennally Inn was replaced by another in the 1850s, and many families, both rich and poor, settled in increasingly wider areas surrounding the crossroads), no drastic changes occurred until 1861 and the start of the Civil War.
Tennallytown, as it was an outlying community, became central to the Washington’s defense strategy. A large plot of land belonging to Giles Deyer was purchased by the government and made into Fort Pennsylvania. Though it never saw direct combat, Fort Pennsylvania played an important role in defeating Confederate Major General Jubal Early by providing supplies and soldiers to the front-line Fort Stevens. After the Civil War ended in 1865, the fort was renamed Fort Reno after Union General Jesse Lee Reno and opened to the general public.
The new expanse of cheap land attracted those with lower-than-average annual incomes – in general, the area became populated by African-Americans, German, Irish, and Italian immigrants, and working-class white families. By 1872, Reno City, as Fort Reno came to be called, was populated predominately by black families; by 1904, the community consisted of more than 60 separate homes, three churches, and the Jesse Lee Reno Grammar School.
Though the ethnic and cultural groups tended to spend most of their time in separate groups, they were interdependent and lived together in relative peace. Over time, however, the community lost its strong sense of internal identity as other, more affluent, neighborhoods such as Cleveland Park, University Park, Chevy Chase, and Friendship Heights expanded around Wisconsin Avenue.
Until 1920, the name of the area was disputed constantly. Spellings varied from the
generally accepted Tennallytown to Tenallytown, TenleyTown, Tennellytown, and Tenleytown. Finally, to resolve the controversy, the local post office posted a sign above the door proclaiming itself the Tenleytown Post Office. Unfortunately, this name did not last, as real estate developers pushed for, and received, an official change of name from Tenleytown to the more marketable Friendship. Along with the name and sense of community, developers soon started pushing non-white populations out of Tenleytown for various reasons. First, much of the black and Hispanic population lived on the grounds of what had once been Fort Reno, and various citizens' organizations as well as Congress were interested in restoring the fort as part of a citywide project. Second, as more upper-class families moved into the area, they tended to displace the working-class by buying large houses on large plots of land. Finally, discrimination against non-whites, particularly African-Americans, became much more pronounced in the pre-World War I Washington.
The brick duplexes that are a staple of Tenleytown were designed and built during the 20s and 30s. Red brick construction was highly popular, as evidenced by the houses and many of Tenleytown's other distinguishing features. The reservoir and water tower, the second of which still stands, were built in 1928 and 1929. Alice Deal Junior High School and Woodrow Wilson Senior High School were built in 1931 and 1935 respectively. Along Wisconsin, a huge Sears, Roebuck, and Company replaced the Tennallytown Inn, and a Giant Food Shopping Center (now a Whole Foods) shared a building with a Peoples Drug Store. Over the course of the 30s, these large chain stores forced many local businesses out of the neighborhood, and they sparked the first traces of the opposition to new establishments that would later characterize the beliefs of many Tenleytown residents.
By 1965, Tenleytown had its first movie theater; by the end of the 70s, it was a booming part of Washington's outer residential areas. In 1984, the city decided that it merited its own Metro stop. Residents lobbied for and received the name Tenleytown instead of Tenley Circle for the stop, which was one of the first steps in taking back Tenleytown's heritage.
Popular resistance to the construction of large encroaching commercial buildings has maintained Tenleytown's image as a small, close-knit neighborhood despite its continuing rapid growth.
The People
Because of their determination to keep their culture alive, we know a great deal about the Piscataway Indians. We know that they hunted, gathered, and fished, and that their first contact with Europeans occurred sometime in the early 1600s. They were part of a 10-nation confederation based on Algonquin traditions, and traded with much of the east coast. The discovery of pottery was central to their development and eventual importance to the trade networks, as it allowed the easy and efficient transportation of goods such as grain.
The Piscataway were instrumental in supporting early English settlers, who were completely lost in their new environment. However, with the influx of Europeans ever-increasing, the Piscataway were slowly forced off their lands and into southern Maryland. Because they resettled into land unwanted by the Europeans, the Piscataway managed to maintain their language and traditions, but for the purposes of the aliens who would eventually settle Tenleytown, they simply disappeared.
Much of the "New World" was distributed on a first-come first-served basis, and the land that would become Washington DC was no different. The huge area owned by Thomas Addison, most of which Tenleytown would one day incorporate, thus remained almost empty for the first half of the 18th century.
After John Murdock moved onto the land in 1760 and the Georgetown – Fredrick Road gained importance, Tennallytown grew quickly and indiscriminately – many people of different races, cultures, and classes coexisted. Though they had many differences, the people all had one common characteristic: their willingness to live on the fringes of Washington DC. As outsiders, they were forced to maintain a solidarity that served them well for almost a century.
Another trait that most families had in common was religion. This is not to say that all families practiced the same religion; on the contrary, there were a great variety of churches throughout Tenleytown. However, the basic tenets of each version of Christianity were similar enough that the citizens of the area could appreciate one another's dedication to faith.
Today, the great common factor is social class. The residents of Tenleytown are by and large relatively affluent (upper middle-class) families. They are involved in the community, especially in the school, ANC, and church. As a group, they tend to oppose change that they feel will mar the historic lines of their neighborhood. They plan beautification projects, such as the planting of flowers and grasses along Wisconsin Avenue or the decoration of a local Christmas tree.
Though Tenleytown may no longer be the self-contained suburb it was 200 years ago, it is still a highly self-possessed area. We can only hope that it will continue to prosper as a tiny historical niche within the wonderful city of Washington DC.
Bibliography
"Court Battle is Seen in Street Zoning Dispute." Washington Home News March 21, 1940.
"Red Brick and Controversy in Tenleytown." Washington Post April 20, 1987.
Bell, Thomas. "Metro Refuge Poses Dilemma for Tenleytown." Washington Post November 1, 1990.
The Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians. American Indian Cultural Center. 2004. 17 October. 2004.
<http://www.piscatawayindians.org/history.html>
Helm, Judith Beck. "Tenleytown Crossroads." Washington at Home. Ed. Kathryn Schneider Smith. Northridge,
California: Windsor Publications, 1988. 79-87.
———. Tenleytown. 2nd ed. Washington: Tenally Press, 2000.
Maguire, Miles. "Tenleytown Groups File Petition to Prevent Further Development." Washington Post January 24,
1991
Nakamura, David. "Repaving Upsets Activists' Hard Work." Washington Post May 1, 2003: B04.
Proctor, John Clagett. "Tales of Tenleytown." Washington Star January 18, 1948.
Sinclair, Molly. "Tenleytown, Village Without Borders." Washington Post June 23, 1990.
The long and short of it: Boston won.
And since I just finished this exhaustively researched paper and am petrified that I'm somehow going to lose it and have to start over, personal note to self:
<<<<>>>><<<<>>>><<<<>>>><<<<>>>>
The History of Tenleytown 1791-2004
Before there were humans, there were paths. Animals sought the way of least resistance; streams gouged beds and then evaporated; even the wind found its home between defining walls of stone. As humans developed, they formed friendships, alliances, communities, and the need to travel efficiently. These needs manifested themselves in the form of trails, paths, and roads.
Before there was Tenleytown, there was a road.
Sometime before recorded history, the Piscataway Indians settled on the land north of the Potomac River. As most cultures before and after them, they began their existence as hunters and gatherers, fishing in the Potomac and collecting the wild fruits and vegetables that grew in their area. Soon, however, they began to form relationships based on community, agriculture, and most importantly, trade. Because transportation, communication, and exchange became so important so quickly, it was only natural for trails to appear linking each settlement to its neighbors. One of these Piscataway trails led from the upper banks of the Potomac to central Maryland. It cut through the forests of what would become the Washington DC area, and became heavily traveled by traders seeking to market their food and wares.
The first white man to travel this trail was a Swiss nobleman by the name of Baron Cristophle De Graffenried. He and his men mapped the path in June 1712, and noted that it was especially useful as it followed Rock Creek and led through the previously uncharted wilderness. DeGaffenried’s drawings were extremely valuable to another white man, this one a British general, who followed in his footsteps less than a half-century later.
In 1755, General Edward Braddock ordered the original path enlarged in order to improve the mobility of his army of over 1000 soldiers. Thus, the Indian Trail became known as Braddock’s Road, and the white settlers began to use it to travel from one cluster of houses to the next. As time went by, the road which had connected two nameless communities suddenly became the route between Georgetown and Fredrick, and was reamed accordingly.
The Georgetown – Fredrick Road remained unpaved even as houses sprung up around it. Then two separate events led to its acknowledgement as a significant and busy highway. First, Jacob Funk constructed a road along the Potomac that would soon become known as Funk’s Road or River Road. Because of the fact that this oft-traveled route intersected the Georgetown – Fredrick Road, the crossroads quickly became extremely important to the area. Businesses and homes appeared; over the next twenty years, the area became a thriving community.
Because of its heavy traffic, the Georgetown – Fredrick Road soon fell into disrepair. Deep ruts marred the surface, and travelers had to exert caution when traversing it after a storm as large puddles and mud made stagecoach progress dangerous. Finally, after years of these conditions, the Washington Turnpike Company found the public willingness – and the funds – to pave the road. By 1827, the road had been completely paved and converted to a turnpike.
The Civil War came and went without severely influencing the function, design, or route of the road, and until 1890, little changed. And then, something transformed transportation forever.
The fist streetcar into Tennallytown was the No. 30 from Georgetown, and it ran for the first time in 1890. Suddenly, traveling into and out of the city was affordable, quick, and much cleaner than it had ever been in the past. The streetcars that ran across and around Washington necessitated the division of the city into three informal districts: Washington, Georgetown, and Washington City. In essence, these separations indicated the difference between downtown Washington, the residential and commercial areas, and the suburbs. Naturally, Tennallytown was a part of Washington City.
Slowly, the city expanded, and with it, Tennallytown. Renamed Tenleytown in 1920, the neighborhood enjoyed the patronage of affluent citizens who moved there to escape the encroachment of the dirty and perceived-to-be crime ridden city. With the sweeping changes enacted throughout the city in the 1930s – 1950s, the streets throughout Tenleytown were named and arranged in alphabetical and syllabic order. The Georgetown – Fredrick Road became Wisconsin Avenue, and many previously unpaved streets acquired both names and blacktop. Tenleytown was thus defined as occupying the area between Fessenden and Albemarle to the north and south, and Reno and Wisconsin to the west and east. These borders were only loosely described, however, and soon many areas surrounding Tenleytown proper also included themselves under the blanket name.
As schools and businesses emerged along with the proliferation of automobiles, the first stoplight was constructed on the corner of Wisconsin and Albemarle. This, as well as the advent of the more practical and affordable bus system, marked the beginning of the end for the No. 30 streetcar, and it ran for the last time in 1960. The buses that replaced it, however, retained the number – even today, 30-buses run the length of Wisconsin Ave.
Throughout the 70s, the Tenleytown section of Wisconsin Ave. was listed as one of the busiest streets in the nation. To the present day, it is a significant route through Washington.
In 1713, Thomas Addison and James Stoddert purchased 3,000 acres of land on the north bank of the Potomac from Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. Stoddert took the upper portion, Addison the lower, and Joseph Belt a small parcel he named Cheivy Chase. Not until 1760 did anyone come to live on the expanse: it was in that year that John Murdock, Addison’s grandson, built the first homestead on the property.
As the important crossroads between the Georgetown – Fredrick Road and Funk Road increased movement through the area, a young and enterprising blacksmith named John Tennally opened a small tavern nearby to feed and house travelers. Clearly, he could have had no idea at the time that he would eventually lend his name to the community, as then he was merely a man of modest means.
The tavern and inn opened in 1790; in 1791, the area was first officially included in the boundaries of Washington. The crossroads continued to draw people, and in many ways it was at this time that the area became the first suburb of Washington. Despite the fact that it was outlying and in many ways self-sufficient, the as-yet unnamed land had strong ties with the rest of the city and depended on the movement of those traveling in and out of Washington for at least part of its economic stability.
It is understandable, given this information, why the area attracted both rich and poor, heirs and entrepreneurs, families and businesses. John Tennally’s tavern was the sole rest stop for travelers until after his death, ca. 1800 (he does not appear in any census reports after that year), but it was joined in 1805 by Henry Riszner’s nearby establishment. According to legend, Dr. and Mrs. William Thornton, as well as Dolley Madison, stopped in one of the many area inns during their respective flights from Washington in 1814, though whether they stayed the night in Riszner’s, Tennally’s, or one of the others is lost to time. Still, these early instances of important personas taking shelter in the area are important to later understanding of the area’s impact on travel in and out of Washington.
It was roughly during this time that the name Tennallytown first appeared in public records, though its spelling and definition were inconsistent and its use infrequent. Generally, the area of Tennallytown was simply included under the names of other nearby neighborhoods.
Though the community started to grow in the early to mid 1800s (the original Tennally Inn was replaced by another in the 1850s, and many families, both rich and poor, settled in increasingly wider areas surrounding the crossroads), no drastic changes occurred until 1861 and the start of the Civil War.
Tennallytown, as it was an outlying community, became central to the Washington’s defense strategy. A large plot of land belonging to Giles Deyer was purchased by the government and made into Fort Pennsylvania. Though it never saw direct combat, Fort Pennsylvania played an important role in defeating Confederate Major General Jubal Early by providing supplies and soldiers to the front-line Fort Stevens. After the Civil War ended in 1865, the fort was renamed Fort Reno after Union General Jesse Lee Reno and opened to the general public.
The new expanse of cheap land attracted those with lower-than-average annual incomes – in general, the area became populated by African-Americans, German, Irish, and Italian immigrants, and working-class white families. By 1872, Reno City, as Fort Reno came to be called, was populated predominately by black families; by 1904, the community consisted of more than 60 separate homes, three churches, and the Jesse Lee Reno Grammar School.
Though the ethnic and cultural groups tended to spend most of their time in separate groups, they were interdependent and lived together in relative peace. Over time, however, the community lost its strong sense of internal identity as other, more affluent, neighborhoods such as Cleveland Park, University Park, Chevy Chase, and Friendship Heights expanded around Wisconsin Avenue.
Until 1920, the name of the area was disputed constantly. Spellings varied from the
generally accepted Tennallytown to Tenallytown, TenleyTown, Tennellytown, and Tenleytown. Finally, to resolve the controversy, the local post office posted a sign above the door proclaiming itself the Tenleytown Post Office. Unfortunately, this name did not last, as real estate developers pushed for, and received, an official change of name from Tenleytown to the more marketable Friendship. Along with the name and sense of community, developers soon started pushing non-white populations out of Tenleytown for various reasons. First, much of the black and Hispanic population lived on the grounds of what had once been Fort Reno, and various citizens' organizations as well as Congress were interested in restoring the fort as part of a citywide project. Second, as more upper-class families moved into the area, they tended to displace the working-class by buying large houses on large plots of land. Finally, discrimination against non-whites, particularly African-Americans, became much more pronounced in the pre-World War I Washington.
The brick duplexes that are a staple of Tenleytown were designed and built during the 20s and 30s. Red brick construction was highly popular, as evidenced by the houses and many of Tenleytown's other distinguishing features. The reservoir and water tower, the second of which still stands, were built in 1928 and 1929. Alice Deal Junior High School and Woodrow Wilson Senior High School were built in 1931 and 1935 respectively. Along Wisconsin, a huge Sears, Roebuck, and Company replaced the Tennallytown Inn, and a Giant Food Shopping Center (now a Whole Foods) shared a building with a Peoples Drug Store. Over the course of the 30s, these large chain stores forced many local businesses out of the neighborhood, and they sparked the first traces of the opposition to new establishments that would later characterize the beliefs of many Tenleytown residents.
By 1965, Tenleytown had its first movie theater; by the end of the 70s, it was a booming part of Washington's outer residential areas. In 1984, the city decided that it merited its own Metro stop. Residents lobbied for and received the name Tenleytown instead of Tenley Circle for the stop, which was one of the first steps in taking back Tenleytown's heritage.
Popular resistance to the construction of large encroaching commercial buildings has maintained Tenleytown's image as a small, close-knit neighborhood despite its continuing rapid growth.
Because of their determination to keep their culture alive, we know a great deal about the Piscataway Indians. We know that they hunted, gathered, and fished, and that their first contact with Europeans occurred sometime in the early 1600s. They were part of a 10-nation confederation based on Algonquin traditions, and traded with much of the east coast. The discovery of pottery was central to their development and eventual importance to the trade networks, as it allowed the easy and efficient transportation of goods such as grain.
The Piscataway were instrumental in supporting early English settlers, who were completely lost in their new environment. However, with the influx of Europeans ever-increasing, the Piscataway were slowly forced off their lands and into southern Maryland. Because they resettled into land unwanted by the Europeans, the Piscataway managed to maintain their language and traditions, but for the purposes of the aliens who would eventually settle Tenleytown, they simply disappeared.
Much of the "New World" was distributed on a first-come first-served basis, and the land that would become Washington DC was no different. The huge area owned by Thomas Addison, most of which Tenleytown would one day incorporate, thus remained almost empty for the first half of the 18th century.
After John Murdock moved onto the land in 1760 and the Georgetown – Fredrick Road gained importance, Tennallytown grew quickly and indiscriminately – many people of different races, cultures, and classes coexisted. Though they had many differences, the people all had one common characteristic: their willingness to live on the fringes of Washington DC. As outsiders, they were forced to maintain a solidarity that served them well for almost a century.
Another trait that most families had in common was religion. This is not to say that all families practiced the same religion; on the contrary, there were a great variety of churches throughout Tenleytown. However, the basic tenets of each version of Christianity were similar enough that the citizens of the area could appreciate one another's dedication to faith.
Today, the great common factor is social class. The residents of Tenleytown are by and large relatively affluent (upper middle-class) families. They are involved in the community, especially in the school, ANC, and church. As a group, they tend to oppose change that they feel will mar the historic lines of their neighborhood. They plan beautification projects, such as the planting of flowers and grasses along Wisconsin Avenue or the decoration of a local Christmas tree.
Though Tenleytown may no longer be the self-contained suburb it was 200 years ago, it is still a highly self-possessed area. We can only hope that it will continue to prosper as a tiny historical niche within the wonderful city of Washington DC.
"Court Battle is Seen in Street Zoning Dispute." Washington Home News March 21, 1940.
"Red Brick and Controversy in Tenleytown." Washington Post April 20, 1987.
Bell, Thomas. "Metro Refuge Poses Dilemma for Tenleytown." Washington Post November 1, 1990.
The Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians. American Indian Cultural Center. 2004. 17 October. 2004.
<http://www.piscatawayindians.org/history.html>
Helm, Judith Beck. "Tenleytown Crossroads." Washington at Home. Ed. Kathryn Schneider Smith. Northridge,
California: Windsor Publications, 1988. 79-87.
———. Tenleytown. 2nd ed. Washington: Tenally Press, 2000.
Maguire, Miles. "Tenleytown Groups File Petition to Prevent Further Development." Washington Post January 24,
1991
Nakamura, David. "Repaving Upsets Activists' Hard Work." Washington Post May 1, 2003: B04.
Proctor, John Clagett. "Tales of Tenleytown." Washington Star January 18, 1948.
Sinclair, Molly. "Tenleytown, Village Without Borders." Washington Post June 23, 1990.
